Restoring Mind-Brain Supervenience: A Proposal :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Restoring Mind-Brain Supervenience A ProposalABSTRACT In this paper I examine the claim that mental author at least for cases involving the turnout of purposive behavior is possible only if mind/ ace supervenience obtains, and suggest that in spite of all the bad mechanical press it has received in recent years, mind/brain supervenience is still the best way for a physicalist to solve the excision problem that plagues many accounts of mental causation. In section 3, I introduce a form of mind/brain supervenience that depends crucially on the idea that around brain state-types-namely, those involved in the production of purposive behavior-are nonlocally sensitive, where by nonlocal sensitivity I mean cases where relevant causal histories and environmental circumstances effect a difference in some of an organisms brain state-types intrinsic, causal strait-lacedties. I will argue that such a mode of sensitivity of brain state-types offers the best way out of the elision problem for anyone convinced that mental state-types should be relationally individuated. IIn what follows, I examine the claim that mental causationat least for cases involving the production of purposive behavioris possible only if mind/brain supervenience obtains, and suggest that in spite of all the bad press it has received in recent years, mind/brain supervenience still is the best way for a physicalist to solve the exclusion problem that plagues many accounts of mental causation. In section III, I introduce a form of mind/brain supervenience that depends crucially on the idea that some brain state-typesnamely, those involved in the production of purposive behaviorare nonlocally sensitive, where by nonlocal sensitivity I understand cases where relevant causal histories and environmental circumstances effect a difference in some of an organisms brain state-types intrinsic, causal properties, and argue that such a mode of sensitivity of brain state-types offers the best way out of the exclusion problem for anyone convinced that mental state-types should be relationally individuated. (1) It is important to notice from the outset that nonlocal sensitivity, as I understand it, is not equivalent to relational individuation. Indeed, I am not claiming that a change in a brain state-types relational properties effects a difference in its intrinsic, causal properties. I keep back that brain state-types should be individuated nonrelationally, but introduce local and nonlocal sensitivity as modes of nonrelational individuation of brain state-types, and argue that nonlocally sensitive brain state-types make up the proper subvenient base for mental state-types. If my view is correct, strong mind/brain supervenience is restored, and the exclusion problem solved.

Evolution: Mutation, Natural Selection, Genetic Drift and Gene Flow Es

What is evolution and how does it work? Evolution is the theory of how one form of life changes into a nonher form. Evolution also is the change of a populations inherited traits from generation to generation. Evolution helps to explain why an animal, human, and plant looks the way it does and acts the way it does it gives an explanation of the history of life. Genes come in some varieties and the evolution helps to make it happen. Mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow the four forces that make the evolution work. Mutation happens when the DNA gene gets changed, moves, or is damaged. When this happens it causes the genetic mental object to be carried by that gene to be different. This service can occur in somatic cells. The somatic cells are all the cells that are a lively organism except the reproductive cells, meaning the body. For example, the skin cells on your legs are and allow not be passed on to ones offsprings. In addition th ose leg cells will not effect the evolution. Another occurrence is called gametic mutations, which is in a womans eggs and or in a mans sperm. These are cells that are and can be passed on to ones offsprings, and they are the essentials for the evolution. There are three effects mutation causes to a species. Species can only takes on one of the three. The three effects are bad, neutral, and good. Having a bad mutation can cause one to have a harder time being fitting to survive. Having a neutral mutation will not change or help one to survive. Having a good mutation will help one to survive and have a better happening of survival. However, mutation is random in the evolution, and provides raw material for natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow... ...he genetic differences making more of a variation but it does this process slowly. Evolution is a on going process and the evolution is made up of many different processes. It allows species to pay off what they ar e, how they act, and what they will become. It also allows species to be able to survive. It produces new and different species through ancestral populations of organisms and moves them to new population. Both natural selection and genetic drift decrease genetic variation. If they were the only mechanisms of evolution, populations would eventually become homogeneous and further evolution would be impossible. There are, however, mechanisms that replace variation depleted by selection and drift (Colby). Work CitedColby, Chris. An Introduction to Evolutionary biology Web. 28 August 2015.http//www.skepticfiles.org/evolut/evolutfa.htm

Lord of the Flies - Who I think would make the best leader on the island: :: English Literature

Lord of the Flies - Who I think would make the best attracter on the island Ralph, Piggy or Jack?The Novel that this piece of writing is based upon is named Lord ofthe Flies. The author of the book is William Golding who wrote manyother books including Close accommodate and Fire down below. This essayis on my opinion of who would be the best leader on the island out ofRalph, Piggy and Jack. I will base my opinions on my assumption ofwhat makes a good leader and my general feelings of their actions,reactions and appearance. These three predicaments make largedifferences in how other people feel towards you. If you have bring into being tetchy easily people may ignore you or if you can not make gooddecisions of your own they may feel more powerful than you. So theseare my reasons of how I will judge the characters. Another aspect Iwill have to consider is the first impressions made on the charactersand how Golding provoked these.What makes a good leader is someone who does not take sides in badsituations, someone who is organised, they can be independent,confident, good ideas, a quick thinker, non-judgmental, works surfaceunder pressure, reliable, takes charge and can see good and bad inpeople. All these points are good because people following the leadersdo not want to be under pressure because the leader can not takecertain circumstances, followers also do not a leader who is notconfident because then they have to be more positive. Also if theleader does not give their followers praise then they will becomedoubtful about their leader.Piggy is described by Golding asThe naked crooks of his knees were plump andhe was shorter than the fair boy (Ralph) and precise fatPiggy wears spectacles and this seems to make people disrespect him. Forexample on page 75 where Jack knocks Piggys glasses of his face andbreaks one side. Jack doesnt apologise to Piggy very quickly and whenhe does it is in a childish manner whereas before when he and Ralphhad had an melodic phr ase Jacks response was more of an adult nature. Ralphand Jacks argument is on pages 51-52. The argument is about Jackshunting because he has not helped with the making of the shelters soRalph is mad. An example of the Adult nature is straight after theargument when Ralph says Youve noticed havent you?Jack coif down his spear and squattedNoticed what?Well. Theyre frightened.This behaviour is very well showed because they forget about the

Write about the ways in which Charles Dickens presented the female :: Free Essay Writer

Write about the ways in which Charles Dickens presented the femalecharacters in Great ExpectationsCharles Dickens was born on the 7th February 1812. He is cognize as oneof the greatest writer of his time, creating classics that are stillappreciated to this day. Surprisingly he had very little education andtaught himself. At a early age Dickens was interested in becoming areporter and writing and as well as writing fiction, he edited aweekly journal for twenty years. Dickens died on 9th June 1870, at theage of 58.The novel Great Expectations was first publish in 1861. The novelwas first published in a weekly magazine in several different partsand when finally finished it was published as a book. As it wasserialised at that place were many cliff hangers leaving the reader wanting toread on. It is about Pip who is orphaned at birth, he lives with hisstrict sister and her husband, a blacksmith. His sine qua non takes a newcourse when he is summoned to meet Miss Havisham, a rich lady drivento the edge of sanity after being leave at the altar. Pip slowlybecomes infatuated with Miss Havishams adopted daughter Estella andhis hopes of winning her are boosted when he learns that someone hasleft him a generous gist of money. The story takes some greattwists the three main female characters are Mrs Joe Gargery, MissHavisham, and Estella, all which are portrayed differently in thenovel. The Victorian design was extremely different the hierarchical systemwas much more important, and at the time the novel was written therewere many controversial political issues. At the time the novel waspublished rarely did women have an education or work. Charles Dickensdepicted men and women as existing within different kind spaces.With the exception of Estella, who travels from Satis House to London,all of Dickenss female characters are contained within the home.Women were stereotyped as housewives, and did not have much controlover their own lives as women were seen to be owned by their husbands.In Great Expectations we can see how the women who fit Dickens ideaswere rewarded with happy lives, usually in the form of marriage, likeBiddy. On the early(a) hand, the women who did not conform to these ideaswere punished in one way or another. Even though not all of Dickensattitudes reflected what was typical of the period, many did. GreatExpectations is a reflection of those attitudes that were most likelyencouraged by the women in his life.The female characters physical appearance plays a big part, as it

Greenhousing The Wrong Way :: essays research papers fc

Greenhousing the Wrong WayExactly what is the "Greenhouse Effect?"     The "Greenhouse Effect" is the earthy hollo given to global warming. Theeffect is named so due to its similarities to the function of a greenhouse.Heat from the sun is al grimed into our atmosphere, and then bounces off of theEarth and heads back by to space. plainly now that we have a wall of CarbonDioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and CFCs, the suns horniness rays bounce backtowards the Earth. The continuous burning of fossil fuels and the rain forestsis cause pointless amounts of carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere.     Carbon dioxide acts as the walls of a greenhouse that encompasses thewhole world, trapping heat into the atmosphere. The thickening of the blanketis do more heat to be trapped resulting in the warming of the earth. Onegreat example of the Greenhouse Effect is the planet Venus. Venuss atmospherehad a thick layer of CO2 , grownup the planets come out of the closet a temperature warm enoughto melt lead. So What Does All This "Greenhouse" Stuff Have To Do With Me?     As the temperatures rise, the waters get heater and take off the meltingprocess of the polar ice caps (Popular Science).     Long term predictions of Global warming say that the melting of thepolar ice caps exit relate causing ocean waters to rise, resulting in massivecoastal flooding of major cities such as Los Angeles and Miami.     If the next centurys warming stays at a low end of estimates, theconsequences are likely to be mild. But if warming reaches the middle or topestimates, we are likely to see such things as more frequent and more intenseheat waves, increased flooding, and droughts in different areas. Not to mentionthe 60,000,000 migrants that would be caused if only 1% of our future macrocosmhad to explore higher ground. This many migrants would help to further ouralready crowded cities, and take more jobs and require health care. Diseasessuch as malaria and other insect borne ailments will have an expanded range ifthe tropics continue to warm. If conditions change faster than species canadapt, many, many, many animals will become extinct (World Book). So What Am ISupposed To About All These Man Made Disasters?     Become knowledgeable about the subject of global warming. Recognizethat global warming may refuse and prepare yourself and others for it.Greenhousing The Wrong Way essays research papers fc Greenhousing the Wrong WayExactly what is the "Greenhouse Effect?"     The "Greenhouse Effect" is the common name given to global warming. Theeffect is named so due to its similarities to the function of a greenhouse.Heat from the sun is allowed into our atmosphere, and then bounces off of theEarth and heads back out to space. But now that we have a wall of CarbonDioxi de, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and CFCs, the suns heat rays bounce backtowards the Earth. The continuous burning of fossil fuels and the rain forestsis causing excess amounts of carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere.     Carbon dioxide acts as the walls of a greenhouse that encompasses thewhole world, trapping heat into the atmosphere. The thickening of the blanketis causing more heat to be trapped resulting in the warming of the earth. Onegreat example of the Greenhouse Effect is the planet Venus. Venuss atmospherehad a thick layer of CO2, giving the planets surface a temperature warm enoughto melt lead. So What Does All This "Greenhouse" Stuff Have To Do With Me?     As the temperatures rise, the waters get warmer and begin the meltingprocess of the polar ice caps (Popular Science).     Long term predictions of Global warming say that the melting of thepolar ice caps will continue causing ocean waters to rise, resulting in massivecoastal flooding of major cities such as Los Angeles and Miami.     If the next centurys warming stays at a low end of estimates, theconsequences are likely to be mild. But if warming reaches the middle or topestimates, we are likely to see such things as more frequent and more intenseheat waves, increased flooding, and droughts in different areas. Not to mentionthe 60,000,000 migrants that would be caused if only 1% of our future populationhad to seek higher ground. This many migrants would help to further ouralready crowded cities, and take more jobs and require health care. Diseasessuch as malaria and other insect borne ailments will have an expanded range ifthe tropics continue to warm. If conditions change faster than species canadapt, many, many, many animals will become extinct (World Book). So What Am ISupposed To About All These Man Made Disasters?     Become knowledgeable about the subject of global warming. Recognizethat global warming may worsen and prepare yourself and others for it.

Greenhousing The Wrong Way :: essays research papers fc

Greenhousing the Wrong WayExactly what is the "Greenhouse Effect?"     The "Greenhouse Effect" is the earthy designation given to global warming. Theeffect is named so due to its similarities to the function of a greenhouse.Heat from the sun is al lowlyed into our atmosphere, and then bounces off of theEarth and heads back stunned to space. merely now that we have a wall of CarbonDioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and CFCs, the suns light up rays bounce backtowards the Earth. The continuous burning of fossil fuels and the rain forestsis create additional amounts of carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere.     Carbon dioxide acts as the walls of a greenhouse that encompasses thewhole world, trapping heat into the atmosphere. The thickening of the blanketis cause much heat to be trapped resulting in the warming of the earth. Onegreat example of the Greenhouse Effect is the planet Venus. Venuss atmospherehad a thi ck layer of CO2, vainglorious the planets bulge out a temperature warm enoughto melt lead. So What Does All This "Greenhouse" Stuff Have To Do With Me?     As the temperatures rise, the waters get tepid and bring the meltingprocess of the polar ice caps (Popular Science).     Long term predictions of Global warming say that the melting of thepolar ice caps volition pass over causing ocean waters to rise, resulting in massivecoastal flooding of major cities such as Los Angeles and Miami.     If the next centurys warming stays at a low end of estimates, theconsequences are likely to be mild. But if warming reaches the middle or topestimates, we are likely to see such things as more frequent and more intenseheat waves, increased flooding, and droughts in different areas. Not to mentionthe 60,000,000 migrants that would be caused if only 1% of our future populationhad to try higher ground. This many migrants woul d help to further ouralready crowded cities, and take more jobs and require health care. Diseasessuch as malaria and other dirt ball borne ailments will have an expanded range ifthe tropics continue to warm. If conditions change faster than species canadapt, many, many, many animals will become extinct (World Book). So What Am ISupposed To About All These Man Made Disasters?     Become knowledgeable about the subject of global warming. Recognizethat global warming may exasperate and prepare yourself and others for it.Greenhousing The Wrong Way essays research papers fc Greenhousing the Wrong WayExactly what is the "Greenhouse Effect?"     The "Greenhouse Effect" is the common name given to global warming. Theeffect is named so due to its similarities to the function of a greenhouse.Heat from the sun is allowed into our atmosphere, and then bounces off of theEarth and heads back out to space. But now that we have a wall of CarbonDioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and CFCs, the suns heat rays bounce backtowards the Earth. The continuous burning of fossil fuels and the rain forestsis causing excess amounts of carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere.     Carbon dioxide acts as the walls of a greenhouse that encompasses thewhole world, trapping heat into the atmosphere. The thickening of the blanketis causing more heat to be trapped resulting in the warming of the earth. Onegreat example of the Greenhouse Effect is the planet Venus. Venuss atmospherehad a thick layer of CO2, giving the planets surface a temperature warm enoughto melt lead. So What Does All This "Greenhouse" Stuff Have To Do With Me?     As the temperatures rise, the waters get warmer and begin the meltingprocess of the polar ice caps (Popular Science).     Long term predictions of Global warming say that the melting of thepolar ice caps will continue causing ocea n waters to rise, resulting in massivecoastal flooding of major cities such as Los Angeles and Miami.     If the next centurys warming stays at a low end of estimates, theconsequences are likely to be mild. But if warming reaches the middle or topestimates, we are likely to see such things as more frequent and more intenseheat waves, increased flooding, and droughts in different areas. Not to mentionthe 60,000,000 migrants that would be caused if only 1% of our future populationhad to seek higher ground. This many migrants would help to further ouralready crowded cities, and take more jobs and require health care. Diseasessuch as malaria and other insect borne ailments will have an expanded range ifthe tropics continue to warm. If conditions change faster than species canadapt, many, many, many animals will become extinct (World Book). So What Am ISupposed To About All These Man Made Disasters?     Become knowledgeable about the subject of glo bal warming. Recognizethat global warming may worsen and prepare yourself and others for it.

Modern technology is a bane Essay

INTRODUCTIONRationaleModern engine room has increase influence in contemporary society. It seems to be contributed legion(predicate) social opportunities. Understanding and taking advantage from engine room is the main aspect in contemporary world which is approachable society. The look into wonder near red-brick technology is seemed to advantage for study and analysis be yard technology is the most importance in society. Throughout two years lie with in Industrial Engineering field, most of mass production process in domestic and foreign countries have concerned with technology that it probably seems to switch over social responsibility. Convenience and constant performance push aside be produced by modern technology. Profound foundation of technology is main propose in expression of study for master of teaching and communication technology and master of computing device science, therefore more experiences and parameter seekes drive out certainly advantage to establ ish likely basis of study.The analysis of the inquiry topicThe purpose of look into questions, Modern technology is a bane not a bribe. Do you agree? is to consider and argue the disadvantage or the advantage of modern technology which is regarded as a bane or a boon. In the research topic question has two aspects of discussion almost modern technology is a bane not a boon or modern technology is a boon not a bane. Bane of modern technology mountain attribute to social problems that have change magnitude unemployment problem, social stress levels and destruction of lifelike ecology. on that point is more conclusive deduction of social problems that has contribute by disadvantage of modern technology for example, machine replacement in factory, increased unemployment rate later on terrorist attack, increased social stress level, pollution by modern technology, extinct of natural resources and forest area and hazardous waste in nature. Although it cannot be denied that mode rn technology has contributed to advantage, it should also be seen that modern technology has negatively affected social degeneration. Modern technology is a bane. The diagram in this below shows complex body part of the analysis of research question.DATA COLLECTIONThe research methodThe research has completed in four steps. First of all, chosen research question, answer of the research question was required by exploit emphasize and information from overcome experience and analysis of key concept. In the second step, alternative source from research book and current journal clause was analyzed and evaluated for selection to confirm main idea. The information and objectivity from author, which has encouraged an argument must be link and specified with question propose. Accordingly, it should confirm argument by provided strong and reasonable evidence to supporting research answer.The third step, review and revise of verbal organize and logical concept have done by reviewer in th e draft of research. Although the research was based on personal observations or expert opinions, background and pass experience about argument in research answer is significance. The forth step was rewritten and improved the research by add more evidence to compose strongly research. Therefore more evidence has provided from current journal oblige in some way, such as newspaper or mesh to modernized information. However, the research was completed in four steps, but analysis of argument research and technology foundation is required for improvement.Annotated bibliographyBrown, A. (2001). Sometimes the luddites are right. The Futurist, 35(5), 38-41This expression identifies a disciplinary negative consequence of technological amplifyment behind the problematic of society. This article discusses about an argument that concerns with problem from new technology in 21st century. The main point of this article adequately presents the effects of modern technology based on contemporar y problem. This article is written for the researchers who are perusing in computer or technology education.DeLisle, J. R. (2002). Real estate and the capital market A special look at the impact of terrorism. The appraisal Journal, 70(1), 10-20This article attempts to show an economic downturn problem in United States of America in 2002. The prolonged economic crisis is ca employ from violent crime by terrorist attack on September 11th 2001. This article shows a content that concerns with an economic problem, which affects economic market in United States of America. The main point of this article adequately presents the information of economic crisis based on contemporary problem. This article is written for the researchers who are interesting in area of global crisis in the view of economics study.Foltz, B. V. (1995). The technical Domination of Nature Nature as inventory. In B. V. Foltz, Inhabiting the earth Heidegger, environmental ethics, and the metaphysics of nature (pp.84-1 09). New Jersey Humanities Press International, Inc..This chapter discusses and clarifies the question of relationship among natural environment and policy of the future. The detail in this chapter can be presented as an attempt to clarify that possibility by explanation in enlarge of how influential philosophers to rightly inhabit in the earth. The question how technology dominates on nature as inventory is described in this chapter. The significance of overwhelmingly disgraceful consequence is emphasized in this chapter. This chapter is written for the researchers who are undertaking in area of natural environment philosophy.Hwang, S. (1999). Ecological panopticism the problematization of the bionomic crisis. College literature, 26(1), 137-149.This article attempts to identify a disciplinary weapon behind the problem of ecological crisis. The detail in this chapter discusses about an argument that concerns with an ecological problem, which has been a problematic crisis. The ma in point of this article adequately presents the effects of ecological crisis based on contemporary technology. This article is written for the researchers who are undertaking in area of ecological sciences.Segal, H. P. (1994). Kurt Vonneguts actor Piano Ambiguous Technological Dystopia. In H. P. Segal, Future imperfect the mixed blessings of technology in America (pp.126-146). United State of America The University of Messachusetts Press.This chapter describes the technology insistent lies, which is debated over technology and progress, at contemporary. It identifies the affect of technology in term of contemporary crisis from the historical problem based on American society and culture. This chapter uses occurrence studies to analyze and illuminate a relation of todays technology based on American history, especially in Maine. This chapter is written for researchers who are examine in unadulterated technological progress.Weil, M. M. & Rosen, L. D. (1997). How TechnoStressed Ar e You?. In M. M. Weil & L. D. Rosen, TechnoStress coping with technology work home play (pp.1-26). New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc..This chapter describes how technology stresses people. It presents about increased stress levels in contemporary society which has caused by technology. The focus point of this chapter shows relationship mingled with development of technology on frustration feeling and trouble feeling which has contributed to stress levels. This chapter is written for researchers who are undertaking in area of psychological sciences or development of technological science.The critical reviewDuring the past tercet decades, the ecological crisis has been problematic basis to society. Modern technology has constructed ecology crisis. Sung UK Hwang, in a 1999, attempts to identify a disciplinary apparatus behide the problematic ecological crisis. Hwang, a PhD in political science at the University of Connecticut, disserting on Green Capitalism A Dangerous Liaison, foc uses on personalized responsibility and provides a case of global management to treat ecologic problem. Therefore, sustainablerefinement of ecological crisis is complicated and seemed to be ideology. However this article is thought-provoking enhancement of natural ecology in contemporary society. This article can be advanced for natural research study for understanding contemporary ecology crisis.Disciplinary apparatus behide the ecological crisis is imperative proclamation in contemporary society. Ecological crisis can be defined as a natural degrading phenomenon, such as global warming, ozone depletion, resource exhaustion, and toxic pollution. An spare a disciplinary apparatus, Hwang has defined as an acceleration of ecology crisis that can analyze within three factors. The rootage is an increased existence that can be impacted to ecological sources, the second is exhausted natural resources by consumption of technology, and the third is natural resources exploitation that is used for supporting economics. Thus, this article has presented detail of each mention as a key term of cause-effect in ecological crisis. However, it seems that the most important apparatus in this article is exhausted natural resources by technology because technology seems to be increased influence in contemporary society. On the other hand, it should be know negative affect of technology through ecology crisis.Among a disciplinary apparatus of ecological crisis in this analysis, perhaps the most interesting is the consistency which Hwang suggests between ecological degeneration from development of modern technology and increasing population in society. Indeed, it seems to be that an ecological crisis might be depended on increased population growth rate because more consumption demands of population are accelerated exhaust of natural resources and technology is as an apparatus for increased exhaust rate. An additional making this important relation, Hwang analyzes a greenism be havior that is claimed environmentalist and ecologist to study relationship between modern technology and the population rate in West Chester.However, Hwangs view on each element of the ecological crisis has based on the claim that ecological crisis requires the supporting scientific evidence of advanced technology which is major cause of the ecology crisis but thisevidence is used a less of statistic database to support. This claim is reasonable, although it seems to be unprovable evidence. Because of many information from secondary sources shows that technology has increased ecology crisis in contemporary society.Hwang also suggests that the reason why affectation from modern technology must be proclaimed that is inseparability in ecological crisis because of it is unobserved fact of ecological debacle. Without further documentation, this concept is hard to accept because it is unprovable claim. Moreover, Hwang calls upon research experience in a firm he founded on database from Intel Corporation, which is presented about hazardous waste from its product. However, more questions need to be made available by Hwang to prove and support the evidence so strong, such as How can modern technology make ecological disaster?Perhaps the fault in Hwangs reasoning is his claim that technology itself is a major cause for ecology crisis. This claim is probably incorrect because ecology crisis maybe not hardly occur from technology but also it causes by the user who put on or implement technology. Even though modern technology can be validated a warning of ecological crisis, society should determine about the affect through the natural destruction. It seems that, in general, his research is more appropriate for the victim who receives more effect on the disaster crisis that has to deal with contemporary technology. Because technology can cause social problem through ecology crisis and unrecognized of disadvantaged technology is increased trouble in society.Finally from Hwangs research, the expiry of ecological crisis is caused from many factors and it is early imperative subject for society. One factor of ecological crisis is from modern technology because technology can be exhausted many natural resources that is caused about destruction of natural ecology and environment crisis. It is probably suitable way for contemporary society to utilize technology in only positive way not in the negative way by conserved natural resources because technology can extinct all of natural resources easier.The analysis of researchThe research was limited by the time limitation. Argument writing and evidence source is caused of trouble. According to the question of research must be connect by pass experience and current information that can initiate time limitation. Research source and collected information was limited progress of the research because of un-updated information or unrelated research source and indistinguishable propose of author. An additional l imitation, ambiguity of the research topic and aspect of research question can attributed to limited research.Consistent with research question should be specified or focused on the advantage or disadvantage of technology, such as computer or communication technology. Other possible factors that limit the research is deficiency of background in pass experience, but it can solve by searched secondary source form library or modernized information. Thus, although topical question has limited the research, the research can be improved foundation of technology and argument writing.The suggestions for future studyIf this topic area was chosen again, same kind of research question in technology field would be selected. Throughout pass experience and current global situation can construct proficient foundation about modern technology. Contemporary world has many kinds of resource to develop basis of technology knowledge for instance, newspaper and internet is the modernized information to s upply comprehensive demand. Consequently analysis of research topic area can implement with that kinds of modernized information.Moreover the possible areas that should be taken into consideration for any similar research in future maybe scope in politics about immigration from underdeveloped country or contemporary psychological problem because these problems have increased negative effect on many countries in the world. Based on pass experience and current opinion, it is different idea to evaluate consequence of technology throughout social problems however technology should be regarded to utilize in only the positive way not in the negative way.

Purpose and Time Management

When purpose is not defined, abuse/misuse is inevitable life would be lived to the fullest potential if its purpose is closely defined. It does not only stop at defining the purpose of your existence, it is way more than that, you have got to have a tidy up purpose. A purpose set life would definitely be an new of all eyes, such a life would affect and impart others positively and so also would be achiever personified.A life with a clear purpose would readily surmount challenges and turn them into gold mines, how you might want to ask? When you discover the purpose of your existence and go on glued to it, you have not only succeeded in winning your first battle in life, so also you have succeeded in separating yourself from the crowd, in that you cope where your passion lies, you have discovered your potentials/ strengths/ capabilities and you would channel all you have got your inner drive/ will power/ passion/ vision towards maximizing your strengths.Defining a clear purpose gets you only half way, you need stay within the confines of your purpose to get to the dream land, whereby oh can replicate mastery bearing in mind John Max nearly nugget- success without succession is a failure .There are essential ingredients in staying aligned to the right path focus would make you substantial while weathering the storm of life because success comes at a price, good ideals will not make you lack encouragement while the struggle lasts because you are on a cause you believe in and it is a prize worth dying for, this in turn would make you resilient and you will neer relent until you achieve your set goals. Time management is of most importance if you desire to leave your foot on the sand of time, you have got to get your priorities right, be assertive and do things as and when due.The only resource God has given all creatures in equal proportion is time knowing full well that we vary in potentials, motivation, encouragement to say but a few. If you maximize y our time to the fullest and see procrastination not Just as a despoiler of time but also as an enemy of destiny and progress, then you would not allow this vital resource escape from your grasp and management. Proper computer programing skills is important, coupled with adequate discipline, you will not allow events and circumstances to plan your time but vice versa will be the case, if and only if you have got the assassination that whatever takes your time, makes your life. Genius is 10% aspiration and 90% perspiration. Time management requires discipline, focus, resilience, and it is painstaking, that I am not disputing, but with these inherent attributes, your equation of success is almost complete because the afore mentioned re core values of success and would help you up the ante of your accomplishment/ breakthrough/emergence/ victory by keying into this precept of management.Show me a man with adept time management skills and there you have got a man who can control all th e other resources required for success. A clear purpose plus proper time management will set you far above the crowd, time. Both run simultaneously, better put hand-in-hand and not independent of each other if awesome success that would bless and change lives even after you are long gone is all you crave for.

Catharsis in As You Like It Essay

Literature is meant to teach. Its purpose is to shed light upon the soul and offer up the best and worst of kindity. entirely the stories we read, all the characters we consociate to and begin to understand, they all see a tale to tell and a lesson to be learned. This is precisely what makes literature so vital to the human spirit. It is here that we enter the world of William Shakespe atomic number 18s As You ilk It , a story set in a fantastical forest.As we follow the sure have it off of Orlando and Rosalind and the brotherly betrayal by Oliver and Duke Frederick, lecturers begin to have a spiritual successor, a cleansing of their spirit, while observing the conflicts that take place. As You resembling It is a play where characters seek out truth and simmpleness in the timberland of Arden, a mystical place that offers a chance for time to cede and the mind to mend. We come to believe, through the text, that there is an element of evil, but that it only exists in the c ourt and society outside the forest.William Shakespeare involves his characters in issues and events which pull back decisions literally sense of touch the emotional strings of disaster (Champion 447) but without the death, destruction, and despair typical of that genre. The characters are safe to experience a new type of living while in the confines and safety of the wood and hopefully restore a balance they all so dearly strive for. The concept of catharsis was initial discussed by Aristotle in his treatise Poetics , which was primarily a work on the aesthetics of poetry.He believed that the poets aim is to produce pleasure in the spectator by eliciting from the office the emotions of pity (for others) and fear (for oneself) (oetics). He was in firm disagreement with his teacher Plato on the validity of catharsis, believing that the purging of emotions is beneficial. Although most readers associate catharsis with tragedy, especially works like Macbeth and King Lear , it is eas ily found in Shakespeares comedies.William Thompson, in his essay Freedom and Comedy, explains the differences between these two genres Comedy offers a way out, a rebirth tragedy also offers a way out, but it is a way through evil, through death. Comedy avoids evil tragedy confronts it (216). Tragedy is a necessary element in a comedy without out it there would be no conflict, thus no harmonious cloture for the end of the play. The moral lessons are not always as clear in As You Like It , as compared with the tragedies, but the same cathartic passage takes place nevertheless.It is precisely through the mishaps and misfortunes of comedic characters, and the optimistic end they all experience, that gives the reader a purification of emotions by vicarious experience (Catharsis). The themes and actions of As You Like It reinforce, in a cathartic process, that evil, hate, and wrong-doing nookie be overcome with love, simplicity, and the generous nature of the human spirit. HBOs As Yo u Like It A fine exercising of the night and day relationship between brothers, and the spiritual renewal with both character and audience, is exemplified with the Dukes.At the beginning of the play the reader is informed that Duke Senior, the rightful ruler, has been usurped by his brother, Duke Frederick, and banished to the woods. Charles, a wrestler within the court, says that Duke Senior has many young men flock to him every day and / fleet the time carelessly, as they did in the luxurious / world (13 I. i. 116-118). We are given a comparison between the evils represented within the new court and the timelessness of the Forest.Duke Frederick, the usurper, continues his path of paranoia and wickedness when accusing his niece, Rosalind, of cosmos her fathers spy. He commands Mistress, dispatch you with your safest haste, / and get you from our court (37 I. iii. 40-41). Frederick not only wants his wronged niece out of court for fear of spying, but also because Rosalind is piti ed by the people, and is a constant reminder of Fredericks actions against his beloved brother. He rightfully wants to lead without his good brother overshadowing him in his subjects eyes.All of the action up to this point is showing conflict and tragedy to the audience in preparation for the happy resolution of these events, giving a realistic depth to the problems faced, and allowing the audience to relate on a personal level. On the other hand, in the forest, Duke Senior is happy and content. He opens Act Two with a rousing speech championing simplicity and joy Now, my co-mates and brothers in exile, Hath not old custom made this life for sweet Than that of painted pomp? Are not these woods More large-minded from peril than the envious court?Here we feel not the penalty of Adam, (49 II. i. 1-5) How striking it is that after being overthrown and having his life shattered, Duke Senior finds joy, happiness, and freedom within the Forest of Arden that the penalty of Adam does not t ouch him there. It gives hope to the readers which changes in circumstances, that evil done by intimates, can still transform into something more valuable. To be cliche, notwithstanding appropriate, as one door closes, another opens. William Thompson theorizes that comedy is a play about freedom, a play in which evil is mastered (218).Here is the first instance of comedic catharsis, of evil being faced head on and destroyed it is the spiritual renewal of Duke Seniors soul after seemingly sad events that would and does break other men. Another instance of the cathartic elements between brotherly conflicts occurs with Oliver and Orlando. The play opens with Orlando bemoaning his current affairs to his faithful family servant He Oliver keeps me rustically at spot for call you / that keeping for a gentlemen of my birth that / differs not from the stalling of an ox (7I. i. 6-9).He is angered by the Elizabethan tradition that gives the eldest son the all told inheritance, and offe rs nothing to the siblings. While speaking with Oliver, during a physical altercation, Orlando accuses My father charged you in his will to give me good education. You have trained me like a peasant, obscuring and hiding from me all gentlemanlike qualities (11 I. i. 65-69) Orlando simply wants to feel comely of others, to have the confidence and ability of interacting at the upper echelons of society, something that a great majority of readers relate to.Themes of insecurity echo throughout the character arc of Orlando. Larry Champion explains that the comic experience is frequently one of self revelation (429) which can not occur until the brothers find themselves in the safety of the Forest. Oliver is commanded to enter the forest and find his brother, one who he tried to kill and admittedly one who he has never loved my brother in my life (91 III. 1. 13-14). With both brothers in the forest the concept of ameliorate enters the audiences mind, who understands that all will have t o be well in the end, for this is still a comedy in nature.Oliver, while sleeping in the woods, is threatened by a snake and lioness. Orlando comes upon the purview and twice did he turn his back and purposed so, / but kindness, nobler ever than revenge / made him give battle to the lioness (165 IV. iii. 134-137). Oliver continues the tale saying that When from the first to last in the midst of us two / Tears our recountments hand most kindly bathed (165 IV. iii. 148-149). The brothers have reconciled in the face of danger, their angers forced upon the beast within the magical forest.The healing in the play must cure the brothers de Boys for this comedy to make sense. If it did not, then Orlando and Oliver would simply be shallow impersonations of Edmund and Edgar from King Lear , offering little hope, little renewal to the audience, who would no doubt see pieces of themselves and their kin in Orlando and Oliver. It is the revelation of how the conflicts resolve themselves that o ffer up the cathartic healing. Perhaps the most optimistic cathartic elements of As You Like It occur during Orlandos quest for worthiness of Rosalind.There first meeting offers hope against the backdrop of a courtly wrestling match. Orlando is fighting to ransom his honor and win from his brother the right to be educated as a gentleman, for he is very aware of his status. After winning the match Rosalind gives Orlando a token of her love, Wear this for me one out of suits with fortune, / That could give more but that her hand lacks / means (32 I. ii. 244-245) for which Orlando is unable to respond. He is not, in his own mind, educated and worthy of her.This predicament will cause hurt and drive the comedy in the following scenes, for the comic hero recognizes a restraint upon his freedom, but he is no reforming philosopher and the closest evil is his own impotent and limited body (Thompson 219). The reader is now set upon a course where the progress and growth of Orlando, as a worthy man, will meet head on with his true love in Rosalind. Deeper into the play we find Orlando caring for his elderly manservant Adam. They are fleeing the wrath of Oliver, in an unknown forest, hungry and tired.Orlando comes upon Duke Senior, and his men, brandishing a sword, commanding Forbear, and eat no more (79 II. vii. 92). Adam is dying of hunger and Orlando is desperate, he explains that The thorny point / Of bare distress hath taen from me the show / Of smooth civility (79 II. vii. 99-101). Orlando can not contemplate a world where this show of force would be inappropriate he is in survival mode, having released his primal nature in the woods. Duke Senior, being entirely at ease in the magical forest, speaks lainly Your gentleness shall force / More that your force move us to gentleness (79 II. vii. 107-108) and asks Orlando to sit down and feed, and welcome to our table (79 II. vii. 110). His lack of worldly knowledge coupled with the devastating effect of betrayal fr om his kin, leads Orlando to a world that he believes is savage, dark, and treacherous. What we all hope for is the shedding of his guard and the reconciliation with Rosalind in true love giving the audience and reader a noticeable sense of faith.His acceptance of Duke Seniors kindness is a first step to renewing a new faith in man. It is through the abutting three acts that the reader will watch the growth of Orlando. From his interactions with Jaques, to the practice wooing of Ganymede, Orlando gains the confidence needed to properly wed Rosalind. The audience finds this story of true love inspiring, proving that gentleness and persistence will be rewarded. By the end of Act Five all conflict has been resolved.The Dukes are reconciled, with Frederick entering the wood to find a religious monk. Oliver is married to Cecilia, being a changed man, and the better for it. The two young lovers Phebe and Silvious are forever wed, although immature in love. And of course Orlando, through his trials and tribulations, becomes worthy of Rosalinds hand. Although we know that comedies end with happiness and we expect no sharp plot deviations, it is within the journey a character takes, and the manner in which adversity is handled, that a catharsis takes place.We are left with lessons learned, stored in the collective memory bank of experience what may ensue when you take, or dont take, action. Put simply, catharsis is the emotional understanding of what may transpire at any given moment. Through the vicarious experience with a character, the shared feeling of their passion and pain, we are given the opportunity for growth without any of the real world consequences that may follow this is the benefit, genius, and grace of a cathartic moment with literature.

Lesson Plan Essay

In modern times there are opposing views most the practice of education. There is no general agreement about what the young should learn either in coincidence to virtue or in relation to the best life nor is it clear whether their education ought to be tell more towards the intellect than towards the character of the soul. And it is not certain whether learn should be directed at things useful in life, or at those conducive to virtue, or at non-essentials. And there is no agreement as to what in fact does draw towards virtue.Men do not all prize most highly the same virtue, so innately they differ also about the proper training for it. Aristotle wrote that passage more than 2,300 years ago, and today educators are still debating the issues he raised. Different approaches to resolving these and opposite fundamental issues have given rise to unalike schools of thought in the philosophy of education. We will examine tail fin such(prenominal) schools of thought Essentialism, Pro gressivism, Perennialism, Existentialism, and Behaviorism. Each has many supporters in American education today.Taken together, these five schools of thought do not exhaust the list of possible educational philosophies you may adopt, but they certainly present strong frameworks from which you can create your accept educational philosophy. Essentialism Gripping and enduring interests frequently grow out of initial encyclopaedism efforts that are not appealing or attractive. William Bagley Essentialism refers to the traditional or screening to the Basics approach to education. It is so named because it strives to instill students with the essentials of academic knowledge and character development.The term essentialism as an educational philosophy was originally popularized in the 1930s by the American educator William Bagley (1874A1946). The philosophy itself, however, had been the dominant approach to education in America from the beginnings of American history. Early in the twen tieth century, essentialism was criticized as being withal rigid to prepare students adequately for adult life. But with the launching of Sputnik in 1957, interest in essentialism revived. Among modern supporters of this position are members of the Presidents kick on Excellence in Education.Their 1983 report, A Nation at Risk, mirrors essentialist concerns today. Underlying Philosophical Basis (American) essentialism is grounded in a conservative philosophy that accepts the social, political, and economic structure of American society. It contends that schools should not try to radically reshape society. Rather, essentialists argue, American schools should transmit the traditional moral values and able knowledge that students need to become stick citizens.Essentialists believe that teachers should instill such traditional American virtues as respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practicality. Reflecting its conservative philosophy, essentialism ten(tends to accept the philosophical views associated with the traditional, conservative elements of American society. For example, American culture traditionally has l)placed tremendous emphasis on the central importance of tile physical world and of understanding the world through scientific experimentation.As a result, to convey important knowledge about our world, essentialist educators emphasize instruction in natural science rather than non-scientific disciplines such as philosophy or comparative religion. The Essentialist Classroom Essentialists urge that the most essential or underlying academic skills and knowledge be taught to all students. Traditional disciplines such as math, natural science, history, foreign language, and literature form the foundation of the essentialist curriculum. Essentialists frown upon vocational, lift-adjustment, or other courses with watered down academic content.Elementary students receive instruction in skills such as writing, reading, measurement, and computers. Even spell learning art and music, subjects most often associated with the development of creativity, the students are required to master a body of information and basic techniques, gradually moving from less to more complex skills and detailed knowledge. Only by mastering the required material for their grade level are students promote(l to the coterminous higher grade. Essentialist programs are academically rigorous, for both slow and fast learners. The report A Nation at Risk reflects the essentialist emphasis on rigor.It calls for more cell nucleus requirements, a longer school day, a longer academic year, and more challenging textbooks. Moreover, essentialists maintain that classrooms should be oriented around the teacher, who ideally serves as an intellectual and moral role model for the students. The teachers or administrators decide what is most important for the students to learn and place little emphasis on student interests, particu larly when they divert time and attention from the academic curriculum. Essentialist teachers focus heavily on achievement test scores as a means of evaluating progress.In an essentialist classroom, students are taught to be culturally literate, that is, to possess a working knowledge about the people, events, ideas, and institutions that have shaped American society. Reflecting the essentialist emphasis on technological literacy, A Nation at Risk recommends that all high school students complete at least one semester of computer science. Essentialists hope that when students leave school, they will possess not solitary(prenominal) basic skills and an extensive body of knowledge, but also disciplined, practical minds, capable of applying schoolhouse lessons in the real world.Progressivism We may, I think, discover certain common principles amid the renewing of progressive schools now existing. To imposition from above is opposed expression and cultivation of individuality to exte rnal discipline is opposed free activity to learning from texts and teachers, learning through experience to acquisition of isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct vital appeal to eagerness for a more or less remote future is opposed make the most of the opportunities of present life to statistics and materials is opposed acquaintance with a ever-changing world. John Dewey Progressivisms respect for individuality, its high regard for science, and its receptivity to change harmonized well with the American environment in which it was created.The person most creditworthy for the success of progressivism was John Dewey (1859-1952). Dewey entered the field of education as a liberal social iron outer with a background in philosophy and psychology. In 1896, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Dewey ounded the famous testing ground School as a testing ground for his educational ideas. Deweys writing s and his work with the Laboratory School set the stage for the progressive education movement, which, beginning in the 1920s, has produced major lasting innovations in American education. The progressivist movement stimulated schools to broaden their curricula, making education more relevant to the needs and interests of students.Its influence waned during the 1950s, particularly after the 1957 launching of Sputnik by the Soviets prompted schools to emphasize traditional instruction in math, science, foreign languages, and other defense-related subjects. In the late 1960s and 1970s, under the guise of citizenship education and educational relevance, many of Deweys ideas enjoyed a renewed popularity that decreased again during the education reform movement of the 1980s.

Discuss the Importance of Dreams in Of Mice and Men Essay

The book Of Mice and Men was published in September, 1937 and was set in the depression of the thirties in atomic number 20 at the location of Soledad. Steinbeck uses Soledad because it translates as l unityliness which arises the point that the time in which this book was set was a time of l bingleliness where it was very unusual to consider a companion or family with you which led to the existence of dreams to look forward to more pleasant and happier times. At this time 1930s America, most Americans had the so-called American Dream. This was to own their own piece of footing as well as being the boss of it.This was the common dream amongst ranch workers to have something to live for and concern them with their loneliness. The dream came into existence in the 1800s when land was more readily available. By the 1930s, when this novella was set, it was almost impossible to make their dreams a reality due to the 1929 fence in Street stock market collapse which had resulted in pric es increasing drastically, and more classicly there was a desperate act of poverty making battalion sell what they had and live on the streets.This is what led to the rugged individualism of each person. As well as this, it was made even more difficult as most land had been bought beforehand. It is due to the Wall Street Crash that many went to California for work. President Roosevelt at that time had the job of directing workers such(prenominal) as George and Lennie to ranches or farms where there was work. Steinbeck uses Lennie and George to personify the dream of the migrant worker own their own land along with giving the opportunity to settle in the promised land (California).Migrant workers atomic number 18 labourers who work on ranches as harvesters involving lifting heavy materials potent work for little wages. They have no family or friends as they continuously drop dead to different ranches in California in order to keep work. This is how workers had to get jobs and wa s the way of life for migrant workers. In relation to this, work card were important as it gave them a work permit which ranch owners required when recruiting. In comparison to modern day working conditions, workers such as George and Lennie would not experience holidays, sickness payments or old age pensions from their ranch. thitherfore, futures for most men looked bleak. Without dreams, no-one would have reason to keep acquittance. An example of this is Lennie wanting his own animals in the future to pet.thither is symbolism within the book that refers to the Garden of Eden. He sets the scene of this by using description such as Willows fresh and green with every saltation which could be interpreted as referring to the Garden of Eden. I believe Steinbeck is trying to put across the imperfectness of humans along with temptation and results of doing a expectant thing (said by Lennie). Lennie shows that temptation causes him to lose his way and represents the imperfection of hu mans. His desire to pet soft objects without foreseeing the consequences puts him on a collision course with others. Also, the girl in Weed and Curleys wife are both temptations that made his curiosity grow and he could not resist. Curleys wife could be seen as the ophidian in the garden a liar, a temptation, a manipulator of men to get her way.Like Eve, she is curious, in this case about Lennie. Her actions are innocent solely the outcomes are bad, (telling Lennie to touch her soft hair in the barn which leads to her death) just as Eves actions caused them and human beings to be sent of the perfect place. Curleys wifes actions tempt Lennie whose actions cause him along with the others to lose their dream of a little farm. Lastly, Adam and Eve were thrown out of Eden for going against God therefore mankind is in loneliness and wandering. Steinbeck shows this when George asks who used to live on his bunk with Candy replying that he had just left gimme my time one might like any guy would. After this, George then brings Lennie along which creates suspicion because two men didnt travel together Hardly none of the guys ever travel together.There was a big subscriber line in the timeless rural vision of America and what was to all but end this the 1930s Depression. The vision was that workers will move up the ranks of working to eventually own their individual land however this would never be when the 1930s Depression occurred. There was a big drop in every economic growth along with very high unemployment. It also resulted in countries leaving the gold measurement in order to recover. These reasons helped the American Dream to not be a successful one for so many. Steinbeck is effective and does well to imply that there is other world other then the perfect one that was envisaged by everyone by saying beaten hard by the boys coming down from the ranches and beaten hard by tramps who come wearily down from the highway. Words such as beaten hard and tramps sugges t this other world and show the stark contrast between dreams and reality.The main characters include George, who is a small, quick man with well-defined features. He is a migrant ranch worker who dreams of one day deliverance enough money to buy his own place and being his own boss, many men in the Depression dreamed of this. His only set digest is his mentally handicapped friend Lennie whom he travels with and has been since he promised Lennies Aunt Clara he would look after him after she died. Looking after Lennie stops George from working towards his dream and even prevent him from having a normal life of a rancher, because of this, George and Lennie regularly fight. George yearns for companionship as can be told by the metaphor of him play solitaire.The tension of having to look after Lennie and himself shows in George and he shows a wide variety of emotions during the novella, from anger to patience to sadness. Lennie is mentally slow, hes enormous. He is Georges companion and he is the source of the all the novels conflict. He is Georges opposite both mentally and physically.Lennies innocence and helplessness, his childish actions, such is his desire to pet soft things makes him likeable to the readers of the novella. George and Lennies dream is more materialistic than to just own land and be their own boss, as they anticipate a place where nobody gona get hurt nor steal from them. The friendship between the two is firmly rooted in their dream. Candy and Crooks along with others are also caught up in the dream. Curlys wife also had a dream which was to become a movie star. But in one way or another, all the dreams of these workers are smashed.

The Goose Fish

In the first stanza, two esteemrs and their actions are visualized and beautified. For example, the speaker describes thrill and romance of their love by using poetic expressions such(prenominal) as For them by the swift tide of blood/That silently they took at flood,/And for a little time they prized/Themselves impressed. . Then, In the second stanza, There is a spell with the appearance of a zany tip (The goose fish turning up, though dead/His hugely grinning head). At the same time, circulate of the poem changes. (Then, as if shaken by stage-fright) The goose fish and its tenderness immobilely contrast with sweet atmosphere two lovers created before.As the author of the textbook says, Their explosive discovery of the fish, a rude shock, Injects a grotesque, almost macabre, not Into the poem. The goose fish plays a key role In revealing and symbolizing the couples love. later on sudden appearance of the goose fish, the narrator portrays how two lovers respond to it. They ar e Embarrassed in each others sight As though the world had implant them out From these lines, It is inferred that the couple, so passionate and eager that they tonus impressed to e together, is having illicit, secret relationship.Although they feel a sense of guilt for a moment, they think about its content and decide to take the fish as an emblem of their love. (He might mean failure or success. /But took it for an emblem of/ Their sudden, new and guilty love/To be observed by, when they kissed/That rigid optimist. ). Just like relationship of the couple, the goose fish stands for ambiguity. Their affair Is Illicit, so they feel embarrassment, guilt, and shame. But at the same time, It makes them feel pleasure, whether Its sexual or emotional. Similarly, the fishs presence doesnt give clear meaning to them.Its earlier mysterious. (It was a wide and moony grin/Together peaceful and obscene/They knew not what he would express He might mean failure or success). It could be a frien d, a comedian, an optimist, an emblem, or a patriarch. The moon also makes frequent appearances and gives a sort of consistency. In the first stanza, the moon creates a romantic atmosphere, in which main focus is two lovers. (On the long shore, lit by the moon/To immortalize them properly alone. ) In the second stanza, the moon also sheds light on the goose fish, giving strong impact to the scene. Beneath the moons bony light The goose fish turning up, though deadheads hugely grinning head. ) Also, according to the text book, the moon makes indirect appearance in the third stanza, too. (The moons light comes to seem fragile china as It exposes the fish directly the moons role as watch and protector seems abandoned, or at least endangered. And In the last stanza, the moon went fell to disappear, marking the end of the poem. The Goose Fish By emergency than what it is in real life. The goose Fish is a fairly typical case of the kind.Using visual images and strong contrast, the s peaker articulates his interpretations. In following paragraphs three points, how the narrator used irony and strong contrast, what the goose fish means and represents, and how the moon involves in the poem, they took at deluge for a little time they prized/Themselves impressed. . Then, injects a grotesque, almost macabre, not into the poem. The goose fish plays a key role in revealing and symbolizing the couples love. afterward sudden appearance of the Their affair is illicit, so they feel embarrassment, guilt, and shame.But at the same mime, It makes them feel pleasure, whether its sexual or emotional. Similarly, the fishs presence doesnt give clear meaning to them. Its rather mysterious. (It was a wide and moony grin/Together peaceful and obscene/They knew not what he would optimist, an emblem, or a patriarch. The moon also makes frequent appearances goose fish turning up, though dead,/His hugely grinning head. ) Also, according to the light comes to seem fragile china as it exposes the fish directly the moons role as lookout and protector seems abandoned, or at least endangered. ). And in the last

Inquisitorial System

When talking bout parliament, we will imagine the debate between MSP regarding political issues as this plaza is sh aver by the media moreover they are non cognizant of the real functions of parliament that is to en movement law and they dont even make their own appear round the parliament. This research is concentrateing on the publics cognizance of the structures and functions of the Malayan parliament. This research will attempt to distinguish the awareness of the parliamentary issues between artistic productions and Sciences programmer students. Malaysia practices parliamentary Democracy and Constitutional Monarchy. The fantanary arranging is the formation where the vocalisation of each respective area discusses among them regarding any current issues that arise in Malaysia. Parliament of Malaysia consists of 292 members.Malaysia has three branches of power which are executive, legislative and Judiciary and parliament is on a lower floor the legislative branch that acts as legislature which act outs laws. The comparison between the Malayan Parliament and a nonher(prenominal) nations is that the proceeding process in our parliament still in normal condition which can be classified as safe compared to others like Taiwan where the proceeding in their parliament has to be postponed cause of chip between the two parties in the parliament hall. Same goes to Ukraine when both parties fight among them and as a result debates and discussions cannot be continued and public yields cannot be deliberated on.In Romania their short letter goes a little bit worse than others not because of the parties fight but because of the suicide attempt in their parliament hall. As an introduction, this research will focus on observing the companionship between liberal arts programs and sciences programs students. The verdict for this project is the arts program students are more solicitudeed close to the parliamentary system in Malaysia marred to sciences prog ram students. Although the objective of this research is to distinguish the experienceledge of the arts students and sciences students regarding the Malaysian Parliament, but it to a fault to permit extra knowledge to received students who scram no idea regarding the parliamentary system in Malaysia.On the other hand, it also enhances the students patriotism and also builds a virgin generation with a estimable knowledge of Malaysian parliament that will hopefully lead to producing good future leaders. ARTICLE SUMMARY The Doctrine of Ministerial Responsibility in Malaysia conjecture and Practice in a New Regime of Parliamentary Accountability in that respect are slightly Members of Parliament (MSP) accountable as minister in Malaysia Cabinet so, these people have two separate tasks at that place is, first, the single(a) responsibility towards his people that he represented, and second, the corporate responsibility in the establishment. Neverthe slight, it is clear that t heir act is highly influenced by their political background and political parties in making determination for example, during debating and voting process in tack to pass a new bill or taxes.So the study of the righteousness of Minister which is also MM is vital in order to tell the citizen the rower that he/she has when sit in both direct. Individual ministerial responsibility states that a Minister is responsible for every action of his department. It would thus appear that responsible in this context has a quite an strong meaning than in the context of collective responsibility. L In that context, it amounts to little more than an obligation than to defend and support government policy. On the other hand, reference also should be made to the two types of responsibility in example individual responsibility for policy and administration and individual responsibility or personal conduct.The division is necessary while faced with enquire such(prenominal) as should Minister resig n simply because something went wrong in their department? Or should the Minister quit on the basis of personal behavior like a sex scandal? As we can see the scenario in Malaysia in the effort of Dates Series Chartist Bad Jail quits as a Minister due to her MFC scandals (bribery) which involved her family and herself. 2 Is her decision to leave his position is relevant? In my profound opinion, her decision is significant because a Minister shall be responsible for her personal conduct such s sincerely and honesty. Secondly, Collective ministerial responsibility emphasizes on the unanimity of government and its responsibility to parliament.The host requires that all ministers be Jointly responsible as a team to parliament individual ministers may not in public express views that contradict a government policy and should be no criticisms from the decisions in public thus convention requires that all Ministers are bound by the decisions that are taken or recommended in Cabinet and that Cabinet discussions must remain. Hence, whatever the origin of the doctrine of ministerial responsibility, the doctrine has been incorporated into the Constitution. 3 In conclusion, we can point out that there is vagueness on occasion as to the distinction between the two types of accountability which are both closely related and also complementary to one another. This in return has made it really difficult to address or mount with the issue of effectiveness of ministerial responsibility.Take for instance the convention that a Minister who is seriously criticized in Parliament must resign, has not taken hold because the government usually rallies behind a Minister who is being criticized in Parliament. On such an occasion, collective responsibility seems to defeat the notion of individual responsibility. The convention of collective responsibility thus becomes important in achieving party solidarity but it tends to prevent the full carrying into action of the convention of i ndividual responsibility. To sum up, every single matter that concluded in the parliament is always been effected by partys constitutions and policies, thus the opposition can do nothing if they have varied agenda and opinion to be arise and pass.Parliamentary Privilege and Its Practice in Malaysia An Overview Parliamentary exemption is to provide the necessary remarks in which Parliament in its corporate capacity and its members as individuals can fulfill their responsibilities to the citizens whom they represent and not to protect individual Member of Parliament (MSP). 4 Under the Malaysian federal Constitution, there are real(a) articles that mention about parliamentary privileges. For example, art 63 which states that the validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be questioned by court. 5 asunder from art 63, art 72 can also be referred to in which it provides the same validity of proceedings in the Legislative Assembly. Despite, as parliamentary privilege does n ot mean to protect individual MSP, art 63(4) is an exception. To implement Justice, these privileges shall not apply to any person charged with an offence.One of the privileges of Houses of Parliament is right to regulate its own internal proceedings/immunity from Judicial proceeding. Article 63(1) of federal Constitution together with art 63(2) provides that the court cannot interfere any proceedings in Parliament as well as not liable to any proceedings regarding anything said or any vote accustomed by Members of Parliament . other privilege is decision as to disqualification. In this particular item, as refer to art 53(1) of the national Constitution states that if a member of a Parliament is disqualified, the decision shall be taken as final. There is no need for the Parliament to bring the case to the court as they have their own power.Next is freedom of expression and debate. In the article, it is said that, its essence is that no penal or coercive action should be taken against members for what is said or done in Parliament. 6 The protection applies to activities taken in course of or in connection with parliamentary proceedings. It must also be noted that this privilege is not personal in nature. Lastly is the freedom from arrest. In United Kingdom, this privilege does exist, but in Malaysia, no distinction in nature of the offence whether it is civilized or criminal. If means rear, or the intention to commit the crime is there, no person shall be protected under this such privilege.Although these privileges are considered necessary for the meet functioning of Parliament and for the full execution of its powers, it is undeniable fact that the practice of parliamentary privilege in Malaysia faces a lot of challenges due to the fact that by asserting special owners and immunities for Parliament as a whole. And for its Members individually, Parliament throws around itself a cloak of protection which provides rights and immunities not accorded to in dividual citizens. In other words, when certain class of individuals are given special benefits as opposed to other class or classes of people. Issues of violations of rights and discrimination are bound to arise. This is particularly the case of Malaysia where there is a written constitution and fundamental rights are given pride place at the same time. Hence, the following are some of the challenges facing the operation of parliamentary privileges in Malaysia.Conclusively, this research helps people to know about the operation of parliamentary privileges among members of Parliament in Malaysia but it might be limited knowledge to certain people only. Thus, it is practically safer if the researcher is asking the basic question about the membership. The Legislative Jurisdiction of the federal official Parliament in Matters Involving Moslem right In this article, the writer discusses about the capacity of the federal parliament to consecrate laws where such laws encompass Islamic laws is with the state legislature and not with the federal parliament. There was a dispute arose when the federal reliant passed the system of Islamic banking and tactful which automatically shake the situation of the state legislature that has full authority to enact Islamic laws.Article 73 defines the Jurisdictional scope of the laws made by parliament and the legislature, with the federal laws having application over the whole or any part of the union and, where appropriate, outside it and States laws having authority only in the whole or any part of the State. 9 Thus, the power of the parliament is higher than the state legislative but in this case, it involve the Islamic laws which infuse the writer which types of legislature need to get involve either the parliament or the state legislature. In Federal Constitution, there are several articles that related with this case which explained in detail the type of the legislature. In Article 77 the legislature of a state shall h ave power to make laws with respect to any matter not enumerated in any of the Lists set out in the Ninth Schedule, not being a matter in respect which parliament has power to make laws. 0 Then the Article 75 explained if any State law is inconsistent with a federal law, the federal law shall reveal and the state law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. Al As to crystalise this case, the Judge refers to the Article 74 of Federal Constitution that consist the three lists. List I is the Federal List, List II is the State List and List Ill is the Concurrent List. For this case, it involve the Federal List and the State List as both lists need to be understand in detailed in order to distinguish their roles and importantly to solve this case. In Federal List, it has been stated that banking is within their role and in State List only stated that it govern only personal and family law matters of Muslims.In conclusion, the authority of the parliament in Islamic banking has been proved as matters such as banking (including Islamic banking), insurance (including tactful) and companies are in the Federal list and therefore the Federal Parliament has the Jurisdiction to enact laws to govern this matters. Parliament has the authority under the constitution to enact Islamic law in respect of all matters (including Islamic law and tactful) save those matters reserved for the States in List II. The matters covered by List II are only those that relate to Islamic personal law. This case increase our knowledge on the function and the structure of the Parliamentary system in Malaysia as for this case it gives clear view to us about the different of legislative jurisdiction between Parliament and State Legislative.Lastly, it help us to understand in deep regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the Parliament in Malaysia which in normal situation as to compare with others like Romania, Taiwan and Ukraine that within critical situation. RESEARCH OUTCOMES / A NALYSIS Background This research was conducted according to stream which was between Science students and Art students in CIFS Ill-KM. The purpose why we carried out this research is to distinguish the general knowledge between these two groups in the field of Parliamentary System in Malaysia. We had distributed 25 survey forms for each programmer. In order to ease our research we divided the questions into 3 types, which were Definition I. E. A Bill is a draft law, Functions e the function of Parliament is to enact law, and Membership of Parliament I. E. A member of Dean Engage is a Senator. cypher 1 Graph on Analysis on the awareness of Parliamentary issues according to stream based on Definition questions. This type of questions covered he term that used in Parliament such as Bill. Basically, only the art students know about this question because they learnt this in class. While the science students may know this if they read papers and magazines. base on the data above, 18 st udents from Art programmer tend to answer correctly whereas only 12 students from Science program know the right answer. It is clearly that 72% of art students answer it right. On the other hand, only 48% get the right answer while majority (58%) of them failed this question.In the nut shell, Science students do not concern and do not even know about our fundamental Parliamentary System. In an article from thetas, it said that Malaysian tend to read less as they grow older, according to Malaysian National Library director-general Dates Raisin ABA Baker . 12 Besides that, the second Deputy Speaker of Ghana Parliament, Proof. Aaron Michael Quays, has called on students in the country to inculcate the habit of reading themselves, to improve on their knowledge base. According to Proof. Quays, it was only through reading that one could acquire knowledge, in order to be part of the changing world. 13 From the two sources, it is proven that the awareness of Malaysian aboutParliament is low because reading is the key to knowledge but as Malaysian grow older, they tend to read less. It can also be assumed that if they did not learn it in class, they have no effort to read it and to search about it by themselves. Figure 2 Graph on Analysis on the awareness of Parliamentary issues according to stream on Function questions. other type of question which is the functions of Malaysian Parliament, most students from both groups know more about this effect. It can be seen that the number of students that concern and aware more about the functions is higher than other topic of questions. They might aware more due to the exposition of media.For example, in thetas online, there was a news about functions of Parliament which is to enact law, PITUITARY The Government will table the International Transfer of Prisoners (TOP) bill 2012 when parliament reconvenes this Swept 24, in a bid to bring home Malaysian locked up abroad. 14 According to the research, even though the number of the students that aware increased, Arts Students still conquer the topic. Based on the graph above, it shows that arts students know more about Malaysian Parliamentary system. The number of arts dents that have more knowledge about this topic is 19, 2 students more than sciences students which is 17 only. Figure 3 Graph on Analysis on the awareness of Parliamentary issues according to stream on Membership of Parliament questions. In terms of question of membership of Parliament, one study has found that Arts students are more concern about this type of questions.Based on the graph, it shows that among 25 students, 15 of them answer the questions correctly. In contrast, there are only 10 students of sciences programmer know about the membership of Parliamentary in Malaysia whereas 1 5 students do not concern very well about this tater. To be proven, different programmer have different awareness due to their subjects which are not related to this issue. In short, the topic on Member ship of Parliament is rarely published in the media, this is the reason why less Sciences Students know about this. Media do play an important role in giving knowledge, especially with the topic that they do not learn in class.In Nepal newspaper, The Rising Nepal, an author stated the role of media in his article, It plays a decision making role in assessing the political performance of the parties and the government. 15 Figure Graph on Analysis on the awareness of Parliamentary issues according to stream. Overall, the graph illustrates the awareness of arts students pertaining to Parliamentary issues is slightly higher that sciences students. Unfortunately, the number of the students who are concern about this issue is not satisfying. From 50 students, only 9 arts students and 3 sciences students claim that they aware about Parliamentary issues which is only 24% from students in CIFS Ill-KM. our assumptions towards arts students especially Law students slumped when they themselve s confess that they do not care much about this matter. In previous graphs, hey answer it correctly because they learnt it in class. On the other hand, this type of question talked about awareness which is something they get outside classes and by their own effort. As we mentioned before, usually students in Malaysia read less. Consequently, they do not have any knowledge about it and this symptom will make them failed to echo out of the box. LIMITATION The hindrances that we encountered while conducting our research can be observed in distributing our survey forms and the article summary.At first, it took many hours in finding the articles on given topics and after we found the articles, it was very official to understand what the articles were all about. Such matter would lead to problems when summarizing all three articles, because understanding was important in summarizing the articles. Based on an article by Sir Swami Administrations, said that there is also an importance in d eveloping our understanding, even if it seems somewhat esoteric and unnecessary compared to our normal practices. Because the legality is, unless we develop some understanding of what were seeking, even if we discover it, we wont likely be able to recognize it. 16 Another limitation that emerged during our research was some students did not give lull cooperation while answering our survey. For example, some of them Just filled out the answer without reading the question. Then, there were certain students who did know the answers, but they sham like they knew it and answered wrongly. This might lead to some problems when making a conclusion. While conducting our research, the facilities in CIFS are considered as good. The process of finding the articles was easy although there were some limitations regarding the slow internet of Wi-If in Ill-KM. Next, the cooperation among members of the group was very indeed needed in giving idea to understand the articles very well.In our opinion , based on what had happened, group members should be more considerate and cooperative as we need each other in the future. CONCLUSION We certainly achieved our objective which is to differentiate the knowledge of arts students and sciences students regarding Parliamentary System in Malaysia. We also provide a few information about the Malaysian Parliament to those who have no idea about what is parliament during the survey process in order to create a new generation that have great concern about our own legal system. Although we have provide some knowledge to the students but we also gain a little bit knowledge urine this research process in detailed during the process of searching facts about the parliament of other nations.For instance, we learnt others name of parliament like in Afghanistan called Short, in Azerbaijan called Millie Majors and Croatia called Saber. 17 Another example, we also have learnt the current situation of our own parliament and others which expose us to th e new world of parliament that shows huge different as to compare with our parliament. For recommendation, the university should provide specific subjects that compulsory to all students like history hat enhance their basic knowledge of Malaysia. Apart from that, Malaysias media should show more programs about Malaysia legal system to give a extra knowledge about politics in Malaysia to all Malaysian.

Promotion of Colgate-Palmolive Essay

Promotion is a communication means the merits of the product and persuade customers to buy it . Promotion has following four distinct elements. personal selling , Advertising , Sales Promotion,and Public relations which can be used as such(prenominal)(prenominal) or can be used in combination to promote the product .ADVERTISEMENTColgate in the main used advertisements as its main promotion strategies. Its different products which are designed for different segments are targeted to the hearing by highlighting its features. Its common tagline for all products is -No1 brand recommended by dentist.SALES PROMOTIONAs such no promotion is done at retail level except the recommendation by the shopkeeper. that for rural market COLGATE uses VAN (van is a mobile promotion station having facilities for screen fork out, slide show and mike publicity.PUBLIC RELATIONSPR campaigns were undertaken extensively during the launch of the brand in leading newspapers and magazines, though they were fo cused more directly on enhancing the image of the parent company in the eyes of stakeholders worry shareholders potential investors, etc.that in consumers.Oral Care Special OffersStrong teeth and secure future, with ColgateYour children are your tomorrow. presents your accident to ensure that they get the best higher education possible. Stand a chance to win scholarships of up to 1 lakh with the Colgate Scholarship Offer and secure your childs future. on the whole you have to do is give a missed call on the number printed at the blanket of the Colgate pack and be eligible for the lucky draw. Hurry Over 200 scholarships up for grabs.Price of Colgate-Palmolive worth is consists of tactical marketing tolls,blemded into an integrated marketing programme that actually delivers the intended value proposition to taeget customer such as List price , Discount , Allowance , Paymeny period , Credit terms .

Special Population and the Advocacy Role

Advocacy is the fighting a cause for an individual or aggroup of invididuals. Many people today need and use an counsel. For example, a social worker advocates for a lymph node so that the client back tooth receive realm assistance benefits. An advocate usually pleads or defends a position. The wealthy usually do not need an advocate as they pick up the means to enlighten the problem or issue themselves. Many programs from Catholic charities to the federal food stamp programs employee advocates.In the rural area of Nevada there are local charities that advocate for the protection of children and fight for the rights of prisoners and victims of crimes. Citizens United for the Rehabilitation of Errants and the Recovery Group Cure, (Citizens United for the Rehabilitation of Errants) and the Recovery Group Inc. are such charities that advocate for prisoners in the State of Nevada Legislature in hopes to create laws equal and just. Carson City Nevada is the state capital of Nevad a.The state of Nevada has a population of more than two million. Nevada state prisons house over 12,000 inmates. The main purpose of therapeutic and the Recovery group is to ensure prisons are used for those individuals who belong in prison and to provide gettable resources to those in prison who necessity to turn their lives around. CURE currently has 20,000 members. Current issues addressed are abolishment of the death penalty, adequate access to legal assistance, effective drug treatment and a constitutional amendment that changes the American justice system (Nevada-Cure, 2011, p. 1). Members of the CURE group and the Recovery group are currently appearing in the state legislature to speak on such issues as WIC for pregnant women prisoners, an increase in educational programs in prisons, and requiring juvenile justice receiving state funds to file an annual report on the rate of juvenile deaths and the circumstances relating to the death of the juvenile (Nevada-Cure, 2011).Ad riennes Perspective. Adriennes husband has been asked to be a sort of a committee in the states legislature that addresses the issues and concerns of the CURE and Recovery group. She believes that many prisoners have the desire to change their lives however, many programs are no longer available to the prisoners housed in the state of Nevadas prisons. A meeting was set up with the Director of Prisons in January to discuss the issues currently addressed in the state legislature. Adrienne realizes the state has limited resources and funding available.She would propose that these two organizations raise money through donations and federal grants. Individuals who do not have the time to advocate for the cause and believe in this cause can donate money to these organizations to fight for the cause. Adrienne and her husband along with other individuals advocate for this cause by creation the voice inside the state legislature. Although Adrienne does believe many individuals will never c hange their lives, she does believe that those whom want to must have the opportunity and resources available to succeed.References Nevada-Cure.org. (2011) Nevada-Cure Citizens United for the Rehabilitation of Errants. Retrieved January 15, 2012 from http//www.nevadacure.org/

Boys Don’t Cry

The movie Boys Dont Cry displace be seen from a sociological perspective focusing on issues of sex, grammatical sex, identity and sexual activity in a societal context that is set taboo(p) in the movie. The whole- project or objective debate of society can be imposed in a sociological way on the movie. Brandon/Teena as a parting shows elements of being male just wants to be female, so there is conflict mingled with his/her sex and gender.The movie overall can be compared to attitudes of sexual control and violence in a patriarchal society, in which transgendered and GBLT communities are excluded from the rest of society and isolated, and are also put under a special sort of scrutiny that goes past reasonable discretion. The violence in the movie Boys Dont Cry is sort of sugar coated when compared to reality, unfortunately.Politically speaking, a liberal feminist might view Brandon/Teenas death as motivated by the state, while a radical feminist might view the whole movie as a bourgeois concept, and the post mod feminist may consider the meta-implications of the characters death within a film based supposedly on true events, but in a way that has caused controversy. Sex and gender are very important to Brandon/Teena, and just as important to the characters who persecute him/her.Sexuality, sex, and gender are related to each another(prenominal) because they all describe in relative terms maleness and femaleness in somebodys and the tendency to form male and female roles in societies. There are basic differences between these terms, even though they do inter-relate. Sex is about whether a person has the physical equipment and physiological tendencies of male or female in this sense, it is not sex delimitate as the act of getting ones kicks, but sex as it is filled out on a form, name/age/sex.Generally sex in this definition is either male or female, although there are those rare individuals who are true hermaphrodites, and there are also increasing possi bilities for trans gender individuals in this modern day. The trans gender identity can leave the borders of sex and gender intact. In these modern times, sex is for the most part an either/or proposition that is based on physiology. Gender, on the other hand, is based on culture and behavior rather than strictly on physiology. And sexuality is about what the individual likes or is attracted to.Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to the cultural construction of male and female characteristics gender roles are the tasks and activities assigned by the culture to the sexes sexual orientation refers to a persons ordinary sexual attractions and activities Sexual norms vary considerably cross culturally and through time (Sex, 2008). Film makers can present their stories any way they want, because it is a free society. It is up to the audience to choose which movies to see.After watching this movie, if I had a son like Brandon, I would let him do whatever he wanted i n public or private, as long as he wasnt hurting anyone. If his school kicked him out for wearing dresses, I would sue the school and stay on his side. You are supposed to love your children unconditionally. If my son thought he was a girl, I wouldnt be uptight about it or fiendish myself. REFERENCE Boys Dont Cry and the Brandon Teena philosophy (2008). http//www. flickfilosopher. com/flickfilos/archive/001q/boysdontcrybrandonteena. hypertext markup language Sex vs. Gender (2008). http//www. indiana. edu/lggender/sex-vs-gender. html

Is fundamental analysis redundant Essay

IntroductionShortly after the occupation trade crash in 1929, as the rootage batch of fiscal experts in the Great fence in, Benjamin Graham and David Dodd firstly mentioned the concept in a book c wholeed security compendium Based on public information that intelligent investors are able to analyse securities and de boundine whether the menstruation charge of declensions and bonds is over or below their intrinsic range. The Critical view and strong logic make this theory become the foundation of nearly all investitures theories in Wall Street. Warren Buffett, John Neff, Peter Lynch and other famous investors become thebest practitioners in primal analysis. This essay will firstly introduce the related theories of heavy analysis. Secondly, the essay will explain promiscuous cash guide model to justness valuation and the qualitative and quantitative factors of fundamental analysis. Thirdly, choosing a feature follow analyses the relationships in the midst of the lea ding financial proportionalitys and its line price. Finally, indicating why financial dimensions and free cash go model arse non explain Berkshire Hathaway cooperations rake price changed during spherical financial crisis.Theory Aasuumption & MetholodyTheory first harmonic analysis which is ground on analyzing the intrinsic shelter of securities, foc routines on factors affecting the beginning price and its trim down and lets investors determine what type of securities they choose to buy and when to buy. (Lee and Swaminathan 1999, 8 )The basic assumption of fundamental analysis is that apprise investors believe that the foodstuff price is determined by its intrinsic apprise and the stock price can reflect its intrinsic quantify in the long term.Cash flow modelFundamental analysts use cash flow model, dividend model to roughly estimate a come withs intrinsic value. They copy that the stock price of the intrinsic value is its mystify value of the stream of expected cash flows and the selected pen values are based on generating the cash flow data. For example, using free cash flow model to circular intrinsic value, investors firstly conquer the observed company can augment at eternal cast and then choose the reference value based on a constant growth rate (g)to estimate free cash flow the next 10 courses. Secondly, they prognosticate the present value of the 10-year cash flow based on the constantly discounted rate (k). Secondly, they estimate the terminal value P10=free cash flow*(1+g)/(k-g) and calculate its present value. Thirdly, they get the present value of the company and calculate pre- share value justness value/numbers of shares. Rational investors can make well-informed investiture decisions according to the relationship amidst securities industryplace price and intrinsic value.Qualitative factorsOn the company level, fundamental analysis accented on two factors qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative and quantitative analyses have a dialectic relationship. Both analyses should join together to analysis and inspect on a particular company. Although qualitative analysis is used for physical areas, with the usage to tackle non-financial information, it can be widely useful in business line and finance fields.(kesh and Raja 2005, 167) The qualitative analysis of the company level is concern with products and services, competitive favour, caution efficiency, somatic culture.Advanced products can get increasing cash inflows and improve company value (Carter and Demissew 2008, 63) because booming fill for products and services can lead to a high reinvestment rate of the company, this creates additional wealth.( Madden 2007, 125) Competitive advantage can includes producing capacity and the efficiency of a companys design and cost controlling come apart than the industrys competitors. Generating a competitive advantage for a company will creates stake entertainer value. (Vilanova, Lozano and Aren as 2009, 63) The improvement of focussing efficiency can lower operating costs and company culture can enhance corporal image, leading to improvement of company value.Quantitative factorsThe quantitative factors in fundamental analysis are based on a deep understanding of financial reports which is the process of identifying opportunities and threats from the company, so investors must be concerned with the balance sheet, cash flow statement and income statement analysis. Financial statements consist of all important historic information closely the companys operation centering during a specific time close (quarterly, annually). All these information provide an overview of a companys business activities and can help managers treasure the companys wellbeing. (Dayanandan 2010, 116)Financial statementDifferent users are interested in different areas of the financial statements. For example, investors and equity holders are concerned withexpected earnings and dividends of the obse rved companies. Companys executives usually focus on the companys capacity. Therefore, based on historical reports, different users can get invaluable information about what they concentrate on. Financial statement analysis includes selected data from financial statements to predict the companys financial health.( Hagos and Pal 2010, 441) Applying these data from financial reports, such as gainfulness ratio, liquidity ratio, management efficiency ratio, debt ratio, market performance ratio analyses year by year to determine whether to buy or sell observed companies.Based on analyzing financial statements, financial analysts are able to use profit cleverness ratio, including gross margin, ROE to indicate how efficiently r level offue is generated. The liquidity ratio such as current ratio, net working capital can be used to prove the firms ability to generate sufficient liquidity when needed and to meet poor term obligations. For example, current ratio is an index finger as a ra te of current assets to current liabilities. It rhythms the liquidity status of a company. With a high current ratio over time, this company will be able to meet its current obligations and bring less financial risk.( Zaki, Bah and Rao 2011, 315) Table1 Sourced by BerkshireYearROE natural asset turnoverDebt/equityP/EP/BclosedPrice20030.1050.5881.3212.71.34$8428020040.0850.3941.2018.81.6$8790020050.0930.4121.1615.51.45$8862020060.1020.3971.2712.51.27$109990Table 1 above shows the some figures provided by Berkshire corporations annual report from 2003 to 2006. During this period, the stock price has a significant increase from $67600 in Jan 2rd, 2003 to $109990 in Dec 1st, 2006. And from 2003 to 2006, Berkshire Hathaway Incs net worth is $13.6billion, $8.3billion, $5.6billion and 16.9billion respectively.Graph1 Berkshire Hathaway(BRK) Incs stock price amongst 2003 and 2006Sourced by yahoo financeThe increase of Net worth can indicate the stock prices change during this period. The gain in net worth during 2003 was $13.6billion, which increased the per-share book value of its stock by 21% from $41727 to $50498. Becauseof good quarterly reports and an annual report, the stock price reflected the companys performance, rising from $67600 to $89490. However, amid 2004 and 2005, the gain in net worth increased $8.3billion and $5.6billion. Although in 2004 Berkshires book-value gain of 10.5% drop short of the indexs 10.9% return, the net worth fell from $13.6billion to $8.3billion, leading to fluctuation of the stock price during 2004. In 2005, the net worth fell to $5.6 billion because hurricane caused loss worth of $34billion. And in the stock market, the price fluctuated and even slightly increased. However, the price reflected the companys performance.As a multi-business company, its main business-insurance company called GEICO improved its management efficiency at nearly 32% and warranty numbers increased by 26%. On the other hand, insurance float of BRKs in surance company increased from 46 billion to 49 billion. Due to the capital cost rate of mostly 0% and improving competitiveness, its stock price go sharply.Financial ratios (price to book ratio and earnings per share ratio) measure share price compared to earnings, book value per share and indicate whether the market overvalues, undervalues and appropriately values the firm shares. Managers use to assess investors perceptions of future prospects. several(prenominal) investors invest in stock market based on analyzing financial statements.Table2Table2 shows mainly the relationship between the book value and stock price. Financial analysts are willing to use book value to measure the stock price. From the table 2 above, the book value of the Berkshire Hathaway increases from $14426 in 1995to $70281 in 2006 and the companys stock movements, rising from $31900 in 1995 to $110050 in 2006. In addition to particular years, these two charts reflect clearly whether a short term or a long term, the trend of the book value and stock price is roughly the same. In the long term, the growth rate of the net worth is a useful indicator to justify intrinsic value. From 1995 to 2006, the net worth of Berkshire Hathawaysnet worth increased from $5.3billion to $16.9billion, more than 3.18 multiplication growth during the period. Stock price had increased 3.44 times with book value 4.87 times. Although 1n 1999, the net worth fell to 0.358billion, in the long term, this company still had a significant increase in its stock market performance.Analysts overly can apply activity ratios such as entirety asset turnover ratio and average payment ratio period to measure management effectiveness in managing its assets and to determine whether the investment in particular asset categories is too high or too low and also buzz off out the efficiency or speed in converting accounts to sales or cash. (Dayanandan 2010, 114)Debt ratios such as debt to equity ratio and debt ratio can indicat e financial leverage and the apparent financial risk untrue by the firms equity holders.ApplicationDow JonesGraph2 Dow Jones industrial indexSourced by yahoo financeGraph2 shows the change of Dow Jones industrial index before, during and after global financial crisis. The global financial crisis started in 2007 because the ebullition of housing bubble caused credit crisis especially in the debt markets.( McCarthy, Solomonand Mihalekl 2012, 1277 ) the stock market highly violated between 2007 and 2009. For example, in United States, the stock market increased to the peak in October 2007 with the Dow Jones Industrial Average about 14,000. After that duration, the Dow Jones dropped sharply from 12,000 in August 2008 to 6,600 in March 2009. After 2009, there is significant increase until now, rising to 14,929.Company- Berkshire HatchawaysBerkshires core business for insurance business includes the property casualty reinsurance and special crime syndicate insurance company. For the pa st 25 years, this company has increasingly strong capital and little debt, for shareholders to create the value of more than 25% growth on average everyyear. Table 3 shows analysis ratios and stock price from 2006 to 2012. Table3YearROETotal asset turnoverDebt/equityP/EP/BclosedPrice20060.1020.401.2712.51.27$10999020070.1090.431.2413.81.51$14160020080.0460.401.4138.161.71$9660020090.0590.381.1918.11.11$9920020100.080.371.2914.91.24$12045020110.060.371.32191.18$11475520120.0770.381.23141.1$133000Sourced by BerkshireGraph3 Berkshires stock price between 2006 and 2012Sourced by yahoo financeThe gain in net worth during 2006 was $13.6billion, which increased the per-share book value of its stock by 18.4% to $109990. In 2007, the net worth is 12.3billion, which increased the per-share book value of its stock by 11% to $141600. However, in 2008, the stock price fell to $96600, and then there is an increasing trend from 2009 to 2012.Total assets turnover ratioTotal assets turnover ratio me asures the management efficiency of the firm in managing its total assets to generate sales. A high ratio suggests greater efficiency. Figures shown in table3, the total assets turnover ratio during global crisis had slight change between 0.37 and 0.40. However, the stock price changed sharply, so the stock price can not reflect the stability of this ratio. ROE indicates the rate of return realized by a firms shareholders on their investments and uses as an indicator for the companys operation.Return on equity (ROE)Return on equity (ROE) is the best indicator to learn how much money a company is making for its investors and bar of the companys operations. (Dayanandan 2010, 117) However, ROE is also sensitive to leverage. Assuming that proceeds from debt financing can be invested at a return greater than the borrowing rate, ROE will increase with greater amounts of leverage. From 2007 to 2008, the debt to equity ratio increased by 13.7%, from 1.24 to 1.41. However, ROE rate fell sha rply from 10.9% to 4.6%. Although ROE overreact to debt change, Berkshires fundamental did not change in 2008. Most of Berkshires business is affected by the economic significant downward in 2009. However, its manufacturing services and retail generated a lot of cash flow and move to consolidate their market competitive advantage. Berkshires two most important businesses business insurance and utilities also had a good growth rate. These businesses produced a large amount of business profits in 2008.P/E ratioP/E ratio is a common approach used by security analysts. In practice, investors usually use expected P/E ratio for the following year and analyse whether the stock price is overvalued or undervalued on the basis. P/E ratio indicates that a stock of its P/E rate over 30 is more likely to be overpriced. The P/E ratio in 2007 and 2008 is 13.8 and 38 respectively and the stock price during the period time of 2007 and 2008 is $141600 and $96600. The change of stock price is overre act to the pre-share earnings.P/B ratioP/B ratio gives some inclination of whether an investor is paying too much for what would be left if the company went bankrupt immediately. From 2006 to 2009, P/B ratio increased or decreased had no direct correspondence with the stock price. However, to most companies, the book value is always lower than the stock price. Because most companies have intangible assets such as brand name, vary skillsproduct pricing power. These factors can not reflect in the balance sheet, but the long term trend of the market value is analogous with book value. It seems that when P/B ratio increases, the gap between book value and stock price increases. On the other hand, the gap shows investors are willing to hold the stock due to its intangible assets.Cash flow modelAll these financial ratios cannot explain what happened in 2008 and using cash flow model to estimate the stock price also cannot explain this situation. Because investors assume the company can increase at constant rate. Although they use long-term GDP growth rate to reduce the risk of assessing value, this growth rate cannot explain and predict what happened during the investing period. They also use CAPM to measure discounted rate given by the risk-free interest rate plus a risk premium. The edict is ki=Rf+(Rm-Rf)i. However, sometimes cannot estimate risk between the market and stock. For example, a companys market value increases from 10billion t0 20billion is less than market value of the company from 10billion to 3billion. If the company still operate well, from the market side, the risk of buying a company of the market value of 20billion is less than buying the same company of its market value of 3billion.ConclusionTherefore, during global financial crisis, fundamental analysis was useless. It is clear that during some periods the stock price is overvalued or undervalued significantly from its intrinsic value, leading to highly volatility of market price. Any mark et volatility is considered as irrational performances, so these market valuations caused by behavioral finance which do not have impacts on the companys assets valuations andoperations. (Adams, Armitage and FitzGerald 2012, 157).In the long term, the trend of the stock price is similar to the trend of its intrinsic value. On the other hand, in the short term, market price is influenced and fluctuated by political, economic, psychological factors, so market price is always undervalued or overvalued, but it is fluctuating around the intrinsic value. about research show that sometimes earnings information cannot react to the stock market simultaneously and all the public financial information pose a gradual influence on the stock market for a while. 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